Anyone who lives with a dog knows how quickly they can eat something that is not meant for them. The problem is that a dog’s metabolism reacts very differently to certain substances than a human’s does. Consequently, foods that are harmless to humans can cause serious health problems, or even poisoning, in dogs. Therefore, it is essential to know which foods may pose a risk. Below are some of the most common examples.

Chocolate
It contains theobromine, a substance that dogs cannot efficiently metabolise. Dark chocolate and cocoa powder contain particularly high levels of it. As little as 20 mg of theobromine per kilogram of body weight can lead to the first signs of poisoning. Depending on the amount consumed, symptoms may include vomiting, trembling, seizures, and an irregular heartbeat.

Grapes and raisins
Even small quantities can be dangerous for dogs. An amount of around 10–30 g of grapes per kilogram of body weight is considered critical. Raisins are even more harmful because the drying process concentrates the toxic components. In severe cases, ingestion may lead to acute kidney failure. However, sensitivity varies greatly between individual dogs, and some may react to very small amounts.

Onions, garlic and leeks
Members of the Allium family contain sulphur compounds that can damage a dog’s red blood cells. This can lead to haemolytic anaemia, which is potentially life-threatening. The risk remains whether the food is eaten raw, cooked or dried.

Xylitol (birch sugar)
Many sugar-free products, such as chewing gum, sweets and baked goods, contain the sweetener xylitol. However, it is extremely dangerous for dogs. A dose of around 30–50 mg per kilogram of body weight can trigger the pancreas to release too much insulin, causing a dangerous drop in blood sugar levels. Larger quantities may also lead to acute liver failure.

Caffeinated drinks and foods
Coffee, cola, energy drinks and caffeinated tea can have a strong effect on the nervous and cardiovascular systems of dogs. Even small amounts can cause restlessness, trembling, an accelerated heart rate or seizures. Caffeine is most concentrated in coffee grounds, beans and capsules.

Nuts
Due to their high fat content, nuts are difficult for dogs to digest. Eating large quantities can quickly lead to digestive problems or issues with the pancreas. Macadamia nuts are particularly dangerous – just a few can lead to weakness, tremors, fever, and coordination problems. They should never be given to dogs.

Raw yeast dough
Dough made with yeast can continue to rise in a dog's stomach, causing severe bloating. The fermentation process also produces alcohol, which can lead to poisoning. Even small amounts can result in serious health complications.

What to do if your dog has eaten something toxic:

1. Stay calm and try to establish what the dog has eaten and how much.
2. Do not use home remedies or try to make the dog vomit.
3. Contact your vet or an out-of-hours veterinary service immediately.
4. If possible, take the packaging or any remaining food with you.

As with any case of poisoning, the sooner a dog receives veterinary treatment, the better its chances of recovery.